diff --git a/packages/ai/src/providers/amazon-bedrock.ts b/packages/ai/src/providers/amazon-bedrock.ts
index 94cbf589..f706bc0f 100644
--- a/packages/ai/src/providers/amazon-bedrock.ts
+++ b/packages/ai/src/providers/amazon-bedrock.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import {
 	BedrockRuntimeClient,
 	type BedrockRuntimeClientConfig,
+	BedrockRuntimeServiceException,
 	StopReason as BedrockStopReason,
 	type Tool as BedrockTool,
 	CachePointType,
@@ -185,15 +186,15 @@ export const streamBedrock: StreamFunction<"bedrock-converse-stream", BedrockOpt
 				} else if (item.metadata) {
 					handleMetadata(item.metadata, model, output);
 				} else if (item.internalServerException) {
-					throw new Error(`Internal server error: ${item.internalServerException.message}`);
+					throw item.internalServerException;
 				} else if (item.modelStreamErrorException) {
-					throw new Error(`Model stream error: ${item.modelStreamErrorException.message}`);
+					throw item.modelStreamErrorException;
 				} else if (item.validationException) {
-					throw new Error(`Validation error: ${item.validationException.message}`);
+					throw item.validationException;
 				} else if (item.throttlingException) {
-					throw new Error(`Throttling error: ${item.throttlingException.message}`);
+					throw item.throttlingException;
 				} else if (item.serviceUnavailableException) {
-					throw new Error(`Service unavailable: ${item.serviceUnavailableException.message}`);
+					throw item.serviceUnavailableException;
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ export const streamBedrock: StreamFunction<"bedrock-converse-stream", BedrockOpt
 				delete (block as Block).partialJson;
 			}
 			output.stopReason = options.signal?.aborted ? "aborted" : "error";
-			output.errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : JSON.stringify(error);
+			output.errorMessage = formatBedrockError(error);
 			stream.push({ type: "error", reason: output.stopReason, error: output });
 			stream.end();
 		}
@@ -222,6 +223,36 @@ export const streamBedrock: StreamFunction<"bedrock-converse-stream", BedrockOpt
 	return stream;
 };
 
+/**
+ * Human-readable prefixes for Bedrock SDK exception names.
+ * The downstream retry logic in agent-session matches patterns like
+ * `server.?error` and `service.?unavailable`, so we preserve the legacy
+ * prefix format rather than using the raw SDK exception name.
+ */
+const BEDROCK_ERROR_PREFIXES: Record<string, string> = {
+	InternalServerException: "Internal server error",
+	ModelStreamErrorException: "Model stream error",
+	ValidationException: "Validation error",
+	ThrottlingException: "Throttling error",
+	ServiceUnavailableException: "Service unavailable",
+};
+
+/**
+ * Format a Bedrock error with a human-readable prefix.
+ * AWS SDK exceptions (both from `client.send()` and from stream event items)
+ * extend BedrockRuntimeServiceException. We map the `.name` to a stable
+ * human-readable prefix so downstream consumers (retry logic, context-overflow
+ * detection) can distinguish error categories via simple string matching.
+ */
+function formatBedrockError(error: unknown): string {
+	const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : JSON.stringify(error);
+	if (error instanceof BedrockRuntimeServiceException) {
+		const prefix = BEDROCK_ERROR_PREFIXES[error.name] ?? error.name;
+		return `${prefix}: ${message}`;
+	}
+	return message;
+}
+
 export const streamSimpleBedrock: StreamFunction<"bedrock-converse-stream", SimpleStreamOptions> = (
 	model: Model<"bedrock-converse-stream">,
 	context: Context,
diff --git a/packages/ai/src/utils/overflow.ts b/packages/ai/src/utils/overflow.ts
index 968d9da8..d39f16dc 100644
--- a/packages/ai/src/utils/overflow.ts
+++ b/packages/ai/src/utils/overflow.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import type { AssistantMessage } from "../types.js";
  * - GitHub Copilot: "prompt token count of X exceeds the limit of Y"
  * - MiniMax: "invalid params, context window exceeds limit"
  * - Kimi For Coding: "Your request exceeded model token limit: X (requested: Y)"
- * - Cerebras: Returns "400/413 status code (no body)" - handled separately below
+ * - Cerebras: "400/413 status code (no body)"
  * - Mistral: "Prompt contains X tokens ... too large for model with Y maximum context length"
  * - z.ai: Does NOT error, accepts overflow silently - handled via usage.input > contextWindow
  * - Ollama: Some deployments truncate silently, others return errors like "prompt too long; exceeded max context length by X tokens"
@@ -43,6 +43,22 @@ const OVERFLOW_PATTERNS = [
 	/context[_ ]length[_ ]exceeded/i, // Generic fallback
 	/too many tokens/i, // Generic fallback
 	/token limit exceeded/i, // Generic fallback
+	/^4(?:00|13)\s*(?:status code)?\s*\(no body\)/i, // Cerebras: 400/413 with no body
+];
+
+/**
+ * Patterns that indicate non-overflow errors (e.g. rate limiting, server errors).
+ * Error messages matching any of these are excluded from overflow detection
+ * even if they also match an OVERFLOW_PATTERN.
+ *
+ * Example: Bedrock formats throttling errors as "ThrottlingException: Too many tokens,
+ * please wait before trying again." which would match the /too many tokens/i overflow
+ * pattern without this exclusion.
+ */
+const NON_OVERFLOW_PATTERNS = [
+	/^(Throttling error|Service unavailable):/i, // AWS Bedrock non-overflow errors (human-readable prefixes from formatBedrockError)
+	/rate limit/i, // Generic rate limiting
+	/too many requests/i, // Generic HTTP 429 style
 ];
 
 /**
@@ -94,14 +110,9 @@ const OVERFLOW_PATTERNS = [
 export function isContextOverflow(message: AssistantMessage, contextWindow?: number): boolean {
 	// Case 1: Check error message patterns
 	if (message.stopReason === "error" && message.errorMessage) {
-		// Check known patterns
-		if (OVERFLOW_PATTERNS.some((p) => p.test(message.errorMessage!))) {
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		// Cerebras returns 400/413 with no body for context overflow
-		// Note: 429 is rate limiting (requests/tokens per time), NOT context overflow
-		if (/^4(00|13)\s*(status code)?\s*\(no body\)/i.test(message.errorMessage)) {
+		// Skip messages matching known non-overflow patterns (e.g. throttling / rate-limit)
+		const isNonOverflow = NON_OVERFLOW_PATTERNS.some((p) => p.test(message.errorMessage!));
+		if (!isNonOverflow && OVERFLOW_PATTERNS.some((p) => p.test(message.errorMessage!))) {
 			return true;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/packages/ai/test/overflow.test.ts b/packages/ai/test/overflow.test.ts
index 214cb123..d1aac258 100644
--- a/packages/ai/test/overflow.test.ts
+++ b/packages/ai/test/overflow.test.ts
@@ -39,4 +39,26 @@ describe("isContextOverflow", () => {
 		const message = createErrorMessage("500 `model runner crashed unexpectedly`");
 		expect(isContextOverflow(message, 32768)).toBe(false);
 	});
+
+	it("does not treat Bedrock throttling 'Too many tokens' as overflow", () => {
+		// Bedrock returns this for HTTP 429 rate limiting, NOT context overflow.
+		// formatBedrockError uses a human-readable prefix for ThrottlingException.
+		const message = createErrorMessage("Throttling error: Too many tokens, please wait before trying again.");
+		expect(isContextOverflow(message, 200000)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it("does not treat Bedrock service unavailable as overflow", () => {
+		const message = createErrorMessage("Service unavailable: The service is temporarily unavailable.");
+		expect(isContextOverflow(message, 200000)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it("does not treat generic rate limit errors as overflow", () => {
+		const message = createErrorMessage("Rate limit exceeded, please retry after 30 seconds.");
+		expect(isContextOverflow(message, 200000)).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it("does not treat HTTP 429 style errors as overflow", () => {
+		const message = createErrorMessage("Too many requests. Please slow down.");
+		expect(isContextOverflow(message, 200000)).toBe(false);
+	});
 });