197 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
197 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
# 使用 GitHub 登录:OAuth 2.0 接入指南(Golang)
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本文介绍在自有应用中接入 **GitHub 账号** 的通用做法:在 GitHub 注册 OAuth App,使用 **授权码流程** 换取 `access_token`,并调用 GitHub REST API 获取用户信息。与具体业务系统无关。
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## 1. 协议与端点
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GitHub 支持标准 OAuth 2.0。Go 中可直接使用:
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```text
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import "golang.org/x/oauth2/github"
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Endpoint: github.Endpoint // AuthURL + TokenURL 已内置
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```
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| 步骤 | URL |
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|------|-----|
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| 引导用户授权 | `https://github.com/login/oauth/authorize`(由 `oauth2.Config` 生成) |
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| 用 `code` 换 token | `https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token`(`Exchange` 自动 POST) |
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| 读当前用户(示例) | `GET https://api.github.com/user`(`Authorization: Bearer {token}`) |
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| 主邮箱(若 user 里无 email) | `GET https://api.github.com/user/emails` |
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常用 **Scope**:`read:user`、`user:email`(需要邮箱时建议带 `user:email`)。
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官方文档:[Authorizing OAuth Apps](https://docs.github.com/en/apps/oauth-apps/building-oauth-apps/authorizing-oauth-apps)
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## 2. 在 GitHub 注册应用
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1. 个人:`Settings` → `Developer settings` → `OAuth Apps` → `New OAuth App`。
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2. **Authorization callback URL** 填你**真实**的回调地址,例如:
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`http://localhost:8080/oauth/github/callback`(开发)
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`https://你的域名/oauth/github/callback`(生产)
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3. 保存 **Client ID** 与 **Client secrets**(机密只显示一次,可轮换)。
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## 3. `redirect_uri` 与换 token
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- 授权请求中的 `redirect_uri` 与在 GitHub 登记的 **必须完全一致**。
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- 用 `code` 换 token 时,客户端库会带上**同一** `redirect_uri`,否则换 token 失败。
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## 4. Golang 最小示例(授权码 + 拉取用户)
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依赖:`go get golang.org/x/oauth2`,并安装子包引用 `github.Endpoint`(同一 module)。
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"context"
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"crypto/rand"
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"encoding/base64"
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"encoding/json"
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"fmt"
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"io"
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"log"
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"net/http"
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"os"
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"sync"
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"time"
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"golang.org/x/oauth2"
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"golang.org/x/oauth2/github"
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)
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func main() {
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redirectURL := getenv("OAUTH_REDIRECT_URL", "http://127.0.0.1:8080/oauth/github/callback")
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cfg := &oauth2.Config{
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ClientID: os.Getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_ID"),
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ClientSecret: os.Getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET"),
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RedirectURL: redirectURL,
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Scopes: []string{"read:user", "user:email"},
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Endpoint: github.Endpoint,
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}
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if cfg.ClientID == "" || cfg.ClientSecret == "" {
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log.Fatal("set GITHUB_CLIENT_ID and GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET")
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}
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states := newStateStore()
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http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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b := make([]byte, 16)
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_, _ = rand.Read(b)
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state := base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(b)
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states.Put(state, time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute))
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url := cfg.AuthCodeURL(state, oauth2.AccessTypeOnline)
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http.Redirect(w, r, url, http.StatusFound)
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})
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http.HandleFunc("/oauth/github/callback", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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if err := r.URL.Query().Get("error"); err != "" {
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http.Error(w, r.URL.Query().Get("error_description"), http.StatusBadRequest)
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return
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}
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state := r.URL.Query().Get("state")
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code := r.URL.Query().Get("code")
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if !states.Consume(state) {
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http.Error(w, "invalid state", http.StatusBadRequest)
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return
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}
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ctx := r.Context()
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tok, err := cfg.Exchange(ctx, code)
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if err != nil {
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http.Error(w, "token exchange: "+err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
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return
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}
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u, err := fetchGitHubUser(ctx, tok.AccessToken)
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if err != nil {
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http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadGateway)
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return
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}
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w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
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_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(u)
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})
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log.Println("open http://127.0.0.1:8080/ (callback must match GitHub app:", redirectURL+")")
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log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
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}
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type ghUser struct {
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ID int64 `json:"id"`
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Login string `json:"login"`
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Name string `json:"name"`
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AvatarURL string `json:"avatar_url"`
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}
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func fetchGitHubUser(ctx context.Context, access string) (*ghUser, error) {
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req, _ := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, "https://api.github.com/user", nil)
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req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+access)
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req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/vnd.github+json")
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req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "oauth-demo")
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res, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
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if err != nil {
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return nil, err
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}
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defer res.Body.Close()
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b, _ := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
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if res.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
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return nil, fmt.Errorf("github user: %d %s", res.StatusCode, b)
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}
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var u ghUser
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if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &u); err != nil {
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return nil, err
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}
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return &u, nil
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}
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type stateStore struct {
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mu sync.Mutex
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m map[string]time.Time
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}
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func newStateStore() *stateStore {
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return &stateStore{m: make(map[string]time.Time)}
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}
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func (s *stateStore) Put(key string, exp time.Time) {
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s.mu.Lock()
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s.m[key] = exp
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s.mu.Unlock()
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}
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func (s *stateStore) Consume(key string) bool {
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s.mu.Lock()
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defer s.mu.Unlock()
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t, ok := s.m[key]
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if !ok || time.Now().After(t) {
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return false
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}
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delete(s.m, key)
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return true
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}
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func getenv(k, def string) string {
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if v := os.Getenv(k); v != "" {
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return v
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}
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return def
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}
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```
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**运行前**:
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- 在 GitHub OAuth App 的回调里填写与 `OAUTH_REDIRECT_URL` **完全一致**的 URL(未设置时默认 `http://127.0.0.1:8080/oauth/github/callback`)。
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- `export GITHUB_CLIENT_ID=...` 与 `GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET=...`
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## 5. 常见错误
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| 现象 | 原因 |
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|------|------|
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| `redirect_uri` 与登记不符 | 修改了端口、`localhost` vs `127.0.0.1` 或 `http`/`https` 不一致 |
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| 换 token 失败 | 同上;或 `Client Secret` 错误 |
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| 用户 email 为空 | 邮箱可能未公开,需调 `user/emails` 并带 `user:email` scope |
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## 6. 安全建议
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- `state` 应随机且**一次性**;生产可用加签或服务端 Session。
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- `Client Secret` 仅放服务端;勿写入前端。
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- 对 GitHub 用户 ID(数字 id)做账号绑定主键,勿仅用 login(可改名)。
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